Chrysanthemum

Jasmine

Marigold

Rose

Lily

Botanical name

 

Chrysanthemum indicum

 

Jasminum spp.

 

Tagetes patula

 

Rosa spp.

 

Lilium longiflorum

Origin

Asia

Mexico

Mexico

 

South canada & Asia

Family

Compositae

Oleaceae

Compositae

Rosacea

Liliaceae

Soil

 

Well drained Lomay soil. Waterlogged soil-root dacay

Well drained Lomay soil. Clayey

soil-Vegetative growth(Not useful)

 

 

Lomay

 

 

Lomay

 

 

Sandy loamy

pH

6.5-7

6-7.5

6.5-7

6.5-7

6-6.5

Climate

Vegetative growth require long day with 20-27°C & Flowering requires Short day with 10- 17°C.

 

 

20-25°C & require hot & dry climate

 

 

20-25°C & severely affected by cold

Night 18-20°C,Day 24-28°C,

Light intensity 6000-7000 lux, CO2 conc. 800-1200 ppm, RH 60-

65%

Night 8-10°C, Day 15-20°C, Soil 16-20°C

If temp>30°C flower & bud damage

Varieties

Incurred(Snowball), Reflexed(Sweetheart), Spider(Mahatma gandhi), K.single(Chairman), K.double(Manbhavan), Decorative(Alankar)

Jai(CO-1,2)

Jui(CO-1,2, Short point, Medium point) Mogra(Single,Double, Ramban,Madanban) Kunda(Kakada)

African(Pusa narangi genda, Pusa basanti genda) French(Rusty red,Gypsi, Star of India)

French hybrid(Calcutta orange)

Red(Big B),

Yellow(Gold strike & mercedes), Orange(Naranga), White(Avilach), HybridT(Gladiator, Superstar,First prize), Floribunda(Iceberg, Banjaran,Queen Elizabeth)

Pulsor,Negro,Montee, Dream,Dream land,                           Red carpet, Vivaladi, London

Propagation

Root suckers, Terminal stem

cutting.

Hardwod cutting, Layering

Seeds,General(500-700gm),

Hybrid(100 gm)

T-budding,Stem cutting

Bulblets,Bulbs,Bulbils,

Scales,Seeds

Planting

Ridges & Furrows

Ridges & Furrows

Raised beds

Raised beds

Raised beds

Spacing

30×30 cm/ 30×45 cm

Jai,Jui,Kunda 1.8×1.8 m Mogra

1.2×1.2 m

60×60 cm/45×45 cm

40×15 cm/ 40×17 cm

25×15 cm

Planting Age

 

2-3 months

1 month

2-3 months

-

Planting time

April-May(Suckers) Aug(Cutting)

June-Aug

July,Sept,Jan,Mar

Budding(Nov-Dec), June-July

Oct-Nov

FYM

15-20 tonn/ha

40-50 tonn/ha

20-25 tonn/ha

5-10 kg/plant/yr

4-5 kg/m2

NPK

200:200:200 kg/ha

100:50:50 kg/ha

100:50:50 kg/ha

100:70:70 gm/plant/yr

20:10:10 gm/m2

Harvesting

5-6 MAP, Suckers(Sept- Oct),Cutting(Dec), Harvested without stalk

Harvested in unopened condtion early in morning, loose flowers are used in Gajra,veni & Opened flowers in oil extraction. Very short post havest life so needed to be sent to the market very immediately.

1.5-2 MAP,                   harvested without stalk & packed in bamboo basket to send to the market.

Harvested 45 DAP(prunning) at tight bud stage & along with stem,two leaflets. Dethorning is done & 400 flowers are packed per CFB. Stored at 0-4C for 1-2 hrs. They are sorted according to stem length of 40-60 cm & 70 cm.

Harvested when buds develop full colour & not yet opened,Harvested with stalk & 6 in each bundle, stored at 0-2C for 1-2hrs. After 1 month of floweer harvesting, bulbs &bulblets are lifted from soil when leaves dry down. Then treated with Captan 0.25% & stored at 2-3C for 3 months.

 

Yield

10-12 tonns flowers/ha

Jai-jui 6-10 tonns/ha Mogra

4-8 tonns/ha

General 8-10 tonns/ha Hybrid

12-15 tonns/ha

100-125 flowers/m2

Flowers 1-1.2 lakhs/ha Bulbs

1.25-1.50 lakhs/ha

Special operations

Pinching-Removal of growing tip along with few leaves first- 1 MAP, second- 2 MAP. Disbudding-Removal of all flower buds & keeping only one flower bud per stem to obtain big sized flowers.

Deshooting-Removal of all side shoots.

Staking- Single stem staking

Bahar treatment-water stress in nov-dec. Maintains C:N ratio & induce more flowering.

Prunning- Flowers are borne only on current season shoot. PGR treatment- Ethrel @ 1000 ppm to induce early flowering.

Earthing up- 3 weeks after planting.

Pinching- Done after 1 MAP for more no of lateral branches & bushy growth.

Bending- for more leaf area & strong root system. Weak & blind shoots are bent by removing buds.

Prunning- Light prunning in June -July & Moderate-Hard prunning in October for developing strong framework & shape. Main reason is to develop new branches as flowers are borne only on current season shoots. Hard prunning-Exhibition & Moderate Commercial cultivation.

Staking is most essential because it grows 60-180 cm tall & need support to grow.

 

 

Gerbera

Gladiolus

Tuberose

Botanical

name

Gerbera jamesonni

Gladiolus tristis

Polyanthus tuberosa

Origin

South Africa

South Africa

Mexico

Family

Asteraceae

Iridaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Soil

Red or light loamy

Loamy soil

Sandy loamy

pH

5.5 to 6.5

6 to 7

6.5 to 7.5

 

 

Climate

 

Sunny and mild climate            night temp 12-16°C Day temp 18-10°C

Temp below 32°C-adverse effect on flower

 

Moderate temp & humidity for more flowering while sunny situation for quality flowers Temp 15 to 25°C

 

Moderrate temp & humidity; temp 15-30°C adversely affected by very high temp and frost

 

 

 

Varieties

Pink-Pink elegans,Rosalin

Red-Savana,Salvador,Sangiria, Zingaro Yellow-Dana ellen, Calcutta yellow, Golden gate

Orange-Dune,Goliath

White-Blessing,Winter queen, Calcutta white

 

 

Snow princess,White friendship,Suchitra,Sapana,Apsara

Single flower-Calcutta single, Bangalore single

Double flower-Pearl,Suhasini Varigated single-Rajat rekha & Suvarn rekha

Varigated double-Dhawal

 

Propagation

 

Division of cumps(In June) & Micropropagation

Corms (diameter 4-5 cm & wt 20-30 gm with conical shape) treated with 0.1% bavistin or 0.3% captan for 30 min

 

Bulbs (diameter 1.5-2 cm wt 30-60 gm) 0.3% captan for 30 min

Planting

Raised beds(45*70*300-400cm)

Ridges & furrows corm rate- 1.60 lakh

corms/ha

On flat beds 1.5-2 lakh bulbs/ha

Spacing

30*30 cm

20*20 or 30*30 cm

30*20 cm or 20*15 cm

Planting Age

1-2 months

 

 

Planting time

June-July or Jan-Feb

Sept-Oct

Mar-Apr or May-June or Sept-Oct

FYM

1-2 t neem cake + 1 t vermicompost

40-60 t FYM/ha

40-50 tfym/ha

 

NPK

15:20:20 gm/sq.m (at planting) 19:19:19,16:8:24,0:52:34 @ 1-2 kg/ha

300:200:200 kg NPK/ha full fym+P+K

before planting & 1/2 N at 4-6 leaf stages & 1/2 N after 1.5 MAP

200:300:200 kg NPK/ha At planting

Fym+P+K+1/4 N & remaining N in 3 split doses 1,2,3 MAP

 

 

 

Harvesting

2.5-3 MAP When outer two rows of disc florets are perpendicular to stalk. Kept in 200 ppm 8 HQC + 3% Sucrose;

Polythene is wrapped at base of flower to prevent petal dislocation

Early var 60-70 DAP & Late Var 80-90 DAP. For local market lowermost 1-2 flower buds fully opened & for distant market fully developed colour and unopened;

kept in 300-600 ppm 8 HQC + 4% Sucrose

Cut flower-Lowerost 1-2 flower buds are opened Loose flowers-Fully developed and unopened. Placed in wet cotton cloth under shaddy place

Yield

200-250 flowers/sq.m

2-3 Lakh flower spike/ha & 10-15 t

corms/ha

Single flower 6-8 t/ha Double flower 12-15

t/ha Bulb 12-15 t/ha

Special

operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lemon grass

Citronella

Mentha

Geranium

Vetiver

Botanical

name

Cymbopogon flexous

Cymbopogon nardus

Mentha arvensis

Pelargonium gravotens

Vetiveria zizinoides

Family

Gramineae

Gramineae

Labiteae

Geranaceae

Gramineae

Plant part used

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves

Principle

Citral

Citronellol

Menthol

Geraniol

Vetiverol

Soil

Light,medium,heavy soil

Light,medium,heavy soil

Sandy loamy to loamy soil

Red lateritic, Ca rich

Sandy soil

 

Climate

 

Hot & Humid climate

 

Hot & Humid climate

 

Temperate to cool

Temp 5-23°C & temp below 3°C + frost causes injury

 

Mild to Hot & Humid climate

Varieties

Krishna,Kaveri,Pragati,

Peaman,OD-19

Mandakini,Manjusha,

Rahuri-1

Himalaya,Gomati,

Shiwalik

Kodaokanal-1

Hybrid-1,7,8, Bhartapur,

Nimohar, Sugandha

Propagation

Rooted slips & Seeds

Rooted slips

Suckers

Stem cutting

Rooted slips

Spacing

60×60 cm

60×60/90×90 cm

60×30 cm

60×60/45×45 cm

45×30 cm

Seed rate

2.5 kg seeds

18-20 thousands/ha

500 kg/ha

-

1-1.5 lakh/ha

Planting time

June-July

June-July

June-July & Jan-Feb

June-July

June-July

FYM

10-15 t/ha

10-15 t/ha

20-25 t/ha

20-25 t/ha

10-15 t/ha

NPK

60:40:40 kg/ha

60:40:40 kg/ha

120:60:40 kg/ha

80:60:60 kg/ha

80:60:40 kg/ha

 

 

Harvesting

First harvesting 4-5 MAP & then regularly at 2-3 months interval. Plants are cut at 15- 20 cm above ground level

First harvesting 4-5 MAP & then regularly at 2-3 months interval. Plants are cut at 15- 20 cm above ground level

First harvesting after 4-5 MAP & then regularly at                         2- 3 months interval. After every harvesting 60 kg is

applied.

First harvesting 8-9 MAP & then regularly at 3-4 months interval

18-19 MAP. Roots are dug out,separated from stem portion & sundried for

2-3 days.

 

Yield

Grass 50-100 t/ha First yr 80-100 kg oil/ha

Second yr 200-300 kg oil/ha

 

First yr 80-100 kg oil/ha Second yr 200-300 kg oil/ha

 

Leaves 30-40 t/ha            oil 150-200 kg/ha

 

Leaves 20-25 t/ha

Oil 20-15 kg/ha

 

Roots   5-7 t/ha

Oil  15-20 kg/ha

Special

operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Periwinkle

Aloevera

Isabgaol

Asapragus

Botanical name

Vinca rosea

Aloe vera

Plantago ovato

 

Family

Apocynaceae

Liliaceae

Plantaginaceae

 

Plant part used

Leaves,stems,roots

Leaves

Seeds & husk

 

Principle

Vincristin,Vinblastin,

Ajamalin,Reserpine

Alaein,Barbalin,Galic acid

Mucilage(Xylose)

 

Soil

Sandy loamy

Light,medium,heavy clay

Sandy loamy to loamy

 

pH

Tropical to subtropical

Hot & dry

Cool & dry

 

Propagation

Seeds

Suckers

Seeds

 

Planting

 

Raised beds

Flat beds

 

Spacing

45×45 cm

30×30/45×45 cm

15×15 cm

 

Seed rate

2.5 kg/ha

20,000/ha

4-6 kg/ha

 

Planting time

June-July

June-July

Oct-Nov

 

FYM

10-15 t/ha

10-15 t/ha

10-15 t/ha

 

NPK

75:75:75 kg/ha

80:30:30 kg/ha

60:30:30/30:30:30 kg/ha

 

 

Harvesting

Leaves are harvested after 6,9,12 MAP & roots after 12

MAP

10-12 MAP. Leaves are cut with the help of sickle

4 MAP. When seed to husk ratio is 75:25

 

 

Yield

Roots  1-1.5 t/ha

Stem    1-1.5 t/ha

Leaves    2-3 t/ha

 

20-30 t/ha

Seed 1-1-5 t/ha

Husk 0.2-0.3 t/ha

 

Special

operations